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Stem cells are unique cells with the extraordinary ability to develop into many different cell types and serve as a repair system for the body. These cells can be classified into three main types: embryonic stem cells, which are pluripotent and can develop into almost any cell type; adult stem cells, which are multipotent and limited to differentiating into cell types related to their tissue of origin; and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which are adult cells reprogrammed to an embryonic-like state. Stem cells possess two key characteristics: self-renewal, allowing them to divide and remain undifferentiated, and potency, the ability to differentiate into specialized cell types. They play a crucial role in development, giving rise to various tissues and organs, and in adults, they help in tissue repair and regeneration. In medical research and therapies, stem cells are used to understand disease mechanisms, test drugs, and develop treatments for conditions such as leukemia, spinal cord injuries, diabetes, and heart disease. The use of embryonic stem cells, however, raises ethical concerns due to the destruction of embryos, leading to significant debate and varying regulations globally. While many stem cell-based treatments are still in clinical trials, the future holds great promise for regenerative medicine, offering potential solutions for regenerating damaged tissues, treating degenerative diseases, and advancing personalized medicine. Despite their potential, stem cell research and applications face scientific, ethical, and regulatory challenges that continue to evolve.